In This Paper, I Plan To Argue The Ideas By Edward Conard,

In this paper, I plan to argue the ideas by Edward Conard, in his argument that we don’t need more humanities major in our academic system. In specific, this paper will explore the writer’s claims, the gaps in his arguments and counter-arguments in this topic. My argument is important because I will challenge Conard’s article with the self-fashioning’s article by Keohane. In Conard’s article, he demonstrates to answer the question whether or not we need more humanities. His answer is that we should be focus on technology and innovation to have a better living standards. (41) His main argument is that innovation and technology are the key to driver of the American economy and there is a need for more talents and expertise in this area.†¦show more content†¦(43) Schools give one the time and materials to achieve all what one desire in life. (43) In the same way, I would challenge the students to leverage their energy and time to become the best they can be in their life. (43) This paper also supports the self-fashioning article by Keohane. Self-fashioning builds the character, personality, and focus on the student. A self-fashioned student is more likely to succeed in life in whichever line of specialization he chooses. Likewise, I disagree with Conard on the point that innovation and technology are more likely to bring success to the student. From experience, people who know their personality and character are able to use in their skills, time and education to be the best in whichever field, whether in technology and innovation or humanities. In my view, success and failure are not a factor of chosen line of specialization rather, it is a factor of hard work and determination to create a change. Self-fashioning is more fundamental and basic education, like authority, and intelligence and it is determined by how people deal with small and basic things in life. Things like cleaning, washing, and taking care of oneself are more important that education whe n it comes to self-fashioning. In my life, the most common basic things derive from self-fashioning. They include taking care of oneself through right

Essay about Burmese Days Review - 893 Words

I. Orwell, George. Burmese Days, Harcourt Inc, 1934. 287 pp. Patrick Morgan The World Since 1850 Greenstein Burmese Days Book Review September 27, 2010 II. George Orwell, born Eric Blair was born in Motihari, Bengal, a then British territory of India in 1903. He was very scholarly from a young age and earned scholarships to preparatory schools and both Wellington and Eton colleges. After furthering his education at Eton he joined the Indian Imperial Police Force in Burma. After 5 years he grew to hate the thought of British imperialism and resigned in 1928 to return to England. It is suggested by many that Burmese Days is loosely based on his service. Orwell was from a â€Å"lower-upper middle class† family, but chose to†¦show more content†¦Veraswami stop and Dr. Veraswami’s reputation is reestablished. This leads to U Po Kyin’s plan to sink Mr. Flory by paying Mr. Flory’s former mistress to make a scene and kill all dreams he had with Elizabeth after she had taken him back for the second time. Which ultimately causes Mr. Flory’s depression and suicide and Dr. Veraswami to lose his powe rful friend, chance of club membership, and his job. He is then demoted and sent to another area. Orwell gives most attention to the corruption that takes place due to the self-serving magistrate U Po Kyin. The most important feature of this book is the fact that though it is a novel it is based on events that occurred during this time, in this place. I was most amused by how the book links culture and social commentary to a romantic story. The story, for me, was tough to follow at first but once established I found the usage of side stories to clutch my interest. IV. George Orwell writes this book to bring forth his thoughts and knowledge gained from living in working during the span of British colonization in Burma. Orwell is resentful of that of British imperialistic control of Burmese wealth, and mistreatment of the native people. Orwell pronounces how British control in Burma has ruined the culture of the natives and caused the few natives that gain political power to become corrupted and turn against their own people for their own self-gratification. Orwell relates the corruption of power to theShow MoreRelatedBurmese Pythons in the Everglades1599 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States, a group of tourists set out for a day of exploration in the Everglades. They hoped to see some of the diverse and unique species that the Everglades are famous for, and maybe snap a few cool pictures to show their friends. They could never have anticipated what they would actually discover. A short way into their trek, the party was drawn to a noisy struggl e nearby. They followed their ears to a duel between an alligator and a huge Burmese Python. The alligator clamped his jaws aroundRead MoreImperialism In The 19Th Century Resulted In European Countries1726 Words   |  7 Pagesproposed new points of view when analyzing imperialism, and have similar themes regarding oppression. Achebe’s success in his novel can be measured through evaluating Things Fall Apart’s impact on western society throughout history from 1958 to modern day. In order to effectively analyze Things Fall Apart as a novel, understand Achebe as an author, and properly assess imperialism’s effect on the modern world, it is consequently important to recognize the historical facts behind imperialism. 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Even in its Colonial period there was a lack of widespread internalRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Books On His Thoughts And Feelings Toward The World868 Words   |  4 Pageshe would begin t o see the detestable side to British Imperialism. Orwell knew he wanted to be a writer so after 5 years resigned from the force and went back to England in 1922. (George Orwell Biography) Soon he would publish his second big book Burmese Days in 1934 which â€Å"offered a dark look at British colonialism in Burma, then part of the country s Indian empire† (George Orwell Biography). By this time Orwell identified himself as a socialist. Two years later Orwell and his wife traveled to SpainRead More British Empire Essay2886 Words   |  12 Pagessettlements established by the English East India Company. INDIA: THE BRITISH ESTABLISH THE CITY OF CALCUTTA Although the story of the British involvement in India is dramatic and is studied in detail in the next chapter, it is still necessary to here review the major developments. By 1700, the English East India Company had set up three major trading posts in India, being careful at the time to engage in trade only and making no attempt to colonize or rule the locals. In fact, through co-operation withRead MoreMiley Cyrus ´ Career Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance occurred when she bent down in front of Robin, delivering a personal â€Å"twerking† (HollywoodLife). Some may frown upon this inhibited display, but it is just an additive to Miley’s expressive movement. Not three days after Miley’s taboo production, millions of tweets and reviews had surfaced the internet, both positive and negative. One particular unfavorable critic, Kyle Anderson, stated in his co-authored scrutiny, â€Å"Now the only thing well remember about her VMAs moment is how she masturbatedRead MoreThe Themes and Motivations Behind George Orwells 19842682 Words   |  11 Pagesconvalescent leave that Eric decided to spend the rest of his life as a writer. His time spent with the Imperial Police proved not only to help him mature, it also lent itself to two essays, â€Å"A Hanging†, â€Å"Shooting and Elephant† and the novel, Burmese Days that he’d pen later in life. (Orwell, n.d.) Once George was removed from service and back in England, he visited his old tutor Gow for advice on becoming a writer. The result of the visit was his decision to move to London; by the end ofRead More Economic Development Essay2071 Words   |  9 PagesEastern countries, which employ large numbers of Bangladeshi workers. Relations with India have improved considerably due to the pragmatic approach taken by the current government. More recently, an influx of Burmese Muslim refugees across the Southeastern border has created tensions with the Burmese authorities. The Economy Bangladesh is one of the most populous and poorest developing countries. The annual per capita income is about US$265. With its newfound political stability, Bangladesh has undertaken

Group Communication free essay sample

The individual communication is usually easier when you are talking about a specific issue pertaining to you, and its generally easier to ask questions and not feel bad or embarrassed by your questions. In a group communication its better to learn from others. Say you are in a group communication and you are all working on the same project, everyone feeds off the other, to come up with more improved ideas, and often you learn something you didnt know before. The only downfall with a group communication is that everyone talks, and sometimes its a bit hard to talk or put your idea out there, and some people find if difficult to talk in front of people. * - What conflict resolution strategies could be used in case of disagreement? The most important strategy plan would be establish the principles of discussion before engagement. When problems arise address them right away, do not wait till its too late to talk about. We will write a custom essay sample on Group Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its not often that everyone in the group is going to agree about the same thing, but let it be know what you do not agree with or what you do agree with right away. if you feel that the conversation needs to be held after the meeting let it be know right away that you need to talk after the meeting. There will always be several disagreements, and each one has to be dealt with differently, and we should always make sure there is a difference. Then we need to make sure the information is accurate. We will need to looking into the requirements of the disagreements, and try to find an alternative so that all involved can agree. The final and I think very important is to repair any negative feelings, you never want to leave a meeting with a person that is so upset, if you do this then that person will sit and stew on everything and bad things could come of it. * - What strategies can be used to foster group communication? Provide examples of how these strategies can be used. Each group interaction will be different, and the best practice is to have a very knowledgeable leader. For instance at work we all have a boss, and that person is our boss because he/she has proven themselves. We all learn by example and they are there to help us move up, as they once were in our uses. A great leader makes for a great group.

Business Accounting Business Draft and Proposal

Question: Discuss about the Business Accounting for Business Draft and Proposal. Answer: Examining the relevant exposure draft depicted in IASB website: IASB mainly have discussion, exposure draft and proposal on certain topics, which in turn helps in supporting the ethical business practices. The relevant exposure draft published in 2015 December is been effectively reviewed in the assignment. Applying IFRS 9 Financial instrument with IFRS 4 Insurance Contacts is the topic of the exposure draft (Ifrs.org 2016). In addition, the effective depiction of the overall issues portrayed in the exposure draft is evaluated. Identifying and summarising the overall issued raised in the exposure draft: The main concern depicted in the paper is regarding the impact of new insurance contract standards on IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts (Ifrs.org 2016). The IFRS 4 is mainly designed to address the concerns of relative parties regarding the effective dates of IRFS 9. In addition, with the help of relative IFRS 9 companies and relatively individuals are able to recognise and measure the financial instruments. Furthermore, IAS 39 is been effectively replaced with the IFRS 9 for recognising and measuring the financial instruments (Ifrs.org 2016). Bischof and Daske (2016) stated that the use of effective regulation of IFRS does not allow companies to use any unethical measures to decrease their tax pay. On the other hand, Ramirez (2015) criticises that changing rules in IFRS mainly depicts a loopholes, which help companies to take advantage and reduce their tax pay. In addition, the exposure draft also portrays the problems, which might be faced by insurers, while using the new IFRS 9 for recognising and measuring the financial instruments (Ifrs.org 2016). The insurers and relative party has mainly states that the two major accounting changes in such short notice could eventually change the cost. Moreover, this cost difference might affect the volatility of the profit and loss statement of the insurance companies. Furthermore, if the IFRS 9 is applied before new insurance contract standard then the companies might face problems in their overall financial statement. Onali and Ginesti (2014) mentioned that IFRS 9 is mainly helpful in valuing the financial instruments used by insurance companies, which could be adequately depicted in their financial statement. On the contrary, Novotny (2016) argued that due to the complexity of IFRS 4 and IAS 39, IFRS 9 could not be easily incorporated in the financial statement of the insurance companies. In addition, the insurance companies have further identified that the implementation of IFRS 9 could mismatch their overall accounting system, which might depict wrong financial statement to its stakeholders. In addition, the use of IFRS 9 could eventually hamper their overall financial statement (Ifrs.org 2016). Thus, for addressing the conversion of the insurance companies the IFRS has mainly included the option of voluntarily discloser. However, the temporary issues taken by the IFRS does not accommodate the negative impact IFRS 9 could have on the new insurance contract standards. Nadia and Rosa (2014) cited that insurance companies have been effectively developing the financial instruments based on IFRS 4 guidelines. In this context, Chawla et al. (2016) further elaborated that changing the financial instrument from IFRS 4 to IFRS 9 could mainly have negative impact on the operations and valuation of the companys assets. However, IASB after hearing and understating the problems of the insurance companies have effectively depicted the measures, which could be used until the IFRS 9 is fully implemented from 1st Jan 2018. Furthermore, IASB after the effective evaluation have depicted the entities that an option to reclassify their financial instruments will be effectively provided (Ifrs.org 2016). These additional benefits of reclassification and providing an option could help in reducing the volatility of IFRS 9 on the profit and loss statement of the entities. Furthermore, the option creation could effectively help the IASB reduce the overlap approach, which arises from the implementation of IFRS 9. Huian (2013) stated that amendments and revisions are mainly helpful in reducing the negative impact of law in the operations of the company. Nevertheless, Celli (2013) criticises that delay in implementing ethical laws might not help in reducing the unethical measures conducted by companies in depicting t he value of their intangible assets. In addition, the IASB has also depicted the second measure, which might be implemented to reduce the negative impact of IFRS 9. Moreover, IASB also stated the entities, which deal in financial instrument could temporarily opt out from IFRS 9. In addition, the entities who mainly issue contracts based on IFRS 4 could also be exempted from the temporary implementation of IFRS 9 until the matter is been effective resolved (Ifrs.org 2016). This exemption is mainly conducted to prevent the companies from facing loses, which are wholly dependent on the IFRS 4 for designing the financial contracts. In addition, insurance and financial product selling companies are most affected from the overall change depicted in IFRS 9. Ldenbach and Christian (2013) mentioned that IFRS 4 mainly provides the insurance companies relatively measures, which could be depicted in their financial statement. However, Bischof and Daske (2016) argued that due to the loopholes in IFRS 4 the IASB has mainly introduced IFRS 9, which might change the overall assumption of financial assets conducted by certain entities. The overall exposure draft mainly depicts the questions, which needs to be answered within the 60 days from its release. This system is mainly maintained by IASB for effectively detecting the relative changes, which might be needed in the IFRS 4 and IFRS 9 (Ifrs.org 2016). Furthermore, IASB mainly stated that the overall issues depicted in the exposure draft mainly relate to some entities and the scope of the impact can be limited. Furthermore, the depicted amendments are a temporary faces, which is just a measure that could only be used before the implementation of the IFRS 9. In this context, Onali and Ginesti (2014) mentioned that IASB with the help of due process handbook is able to collect relative comments from the entities ridging viability of the proposed law. However, Nadia and Rosa (2014) argued that IASB can be enforce the law if low impact is on the operations and financial statement of different entities. Critically evaluating the overall issues discussed in the exposure draft: The overall issues that is been depicted in the exposure draft mainly states the change in IFRS 4 regulations and insurance contract. Moreover, the main reason for drafting the IFRS 9 is to reduce the overall loopholes that are currently being present in IFRS 4 laws. IFRS 4 mainly allows the insurance and lending companies to depict the future predictions, which might be incurred from the current transactions (Huian 2013). This type of listing mainly reduces the overall viability of the financial statement. In addition, the IFRS system allows banks and financial institutions to depict the expected gains in their current profits and inflate their overall balance sheet. In addition, banks are able to effective use the CDS (Credit Default Swaps) to reduced the losses in their overall financial statement (Celli 2013). The financial crisis of 2008 was the major indication that the overall impact of IFRS is being reduced on the financial institutions. In addition, IFRS to reduce the unethical measures used by financial institutions effectively depicts the IFRS 9, which limits the overall financial institutions from utilising the identified loopholes. Furthermore, the IFRS 9 changes the current valuation of assets and liabilities that are being accounted in the financial statements (Ifrs.org 2016). In addition, it introduces logical approach, which might be used by companies to depict its adequate and ethical financial statement (Chawla et al. 2016). In addition, IFRS mainly changes the overall principle based requirements, which was been use to measure the financial asset and liabilities of banking companies. Reference: Bischof, J. and Daske, H., 2016. Interpreting the European Unions IFRS endorsement criteria: The case of IFRS 9.Accounting in Europe,13(2), pp.129-168. Celli, M., 2013. The Faithful Representation of Electrical Energy Sale and Purchase Agreements Under International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS).Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,9(8), p.1032. Chawla, G., Forest, J., Lawrence, R. and Aguais, S.D., 2016. Point-in-time loss-given default rates and exposures at default models for IFRS 9/CECL and stress testing.Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions,9(3), pp.249-263. Huian, M., 2013. ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTITUENTSPARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 1ST PHASE OF IFRS 9 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS.Annals-Economy Series,1, pp.209-216. Ifrs.org. (2016).IFRS - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 10 Oct. 2016]. Ldenbach, N. and Christian, D., 2013.IFRS Essentials: Regeln, Flle, Lsungen. Mehr als 50% Beispiele. Verstndlicher Sprachstil. Praxisrelevante Bilanzierungsfragen. Inklusive IFRS 9-13, IAS 1 (2011) und IAS 19 (2011). NWB Verlag. Nadia, C. and Rosa, V., 2014. The impact of IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 on liquidity in banks: Theoretical aspects.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,164, pp.91-97. Novotny-Farkas, Z., 2016. The interaction of the IFRS 9 expected loss approach with supervisory rules and implications for financial stability.Accounting in Europe,13(2), pp.197-227. Onali, E. and Ginesti, G., 2014. Pre-adoption market reaction to IFRS 9: A cross-country event-study.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,33(6), pp.628-637. Ramirez, J., 2015.Accounting for Derivatives: Advanced Hedging Under IFRS 9. John Wiley Sons.

Salary vs. Justice free essay sample

Proposal Salary vs. Justice at workplace and their impact on job satisfaction. Relation between job satisfaction and employee performance. Dilara Abstract The aim of this research is to find out whether the money or justice at a workplace play an important role in job satisfaction and also to conclude if job satisfaction causes different levels of employee performance. For this research it is proposed to make a survey among 150 people working at different industries. The survey questions are going to be posed in the simplest way and candidates will be briefed about the purpose of this survey, in order to achieve the best possible results and to avoid mistakes and misunderstandings. The research questions are as follows; which of the two factors; salary paid or justice at work place have a greater impact on job satisfaction? Does job satisfaction have an effect on levels of performance? It is estimated that the justice at a work place has a greater impact on job satisfaction in comparison to the salary received. We will write a custom essay sample on Salary vs. Justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also hypothesized that different levels of employees performance will be based on how satisfied they are from the job they are doing. Salary vs. Justice at workplace and their impact on job satisfaction. Relation between job satisfaction and employee performance. The 1980s will seem like a walk in the park when compared to new global challenges, where annual productivity increases of 6% may not be enough. A combination of software, brains, and running harder will be needed to bring that percentage up to 8% or 9%. – Jack Welch As the quote suggests, there is a big difference between businesses in the old times and at this current moment. Therefore we can conclude that the pressure on the workers has increased simultaneously with the goals set. The workplace today is diversified and it keeps changing constantly. People have a variety of choices when it comes to making a career. The relationship of employers and employees is no longer the same; the demands and expectations of both parties have changed as well. The new challenge that is faced by the management of any companies around the world is to create a workplace that would attract and keep the employee; therefore it requires a constant motivation and co-operation with the staff. The fact that most of the people in the world work for a reward which comes in a monetary shape is clear and well known. Yet it does not necessarily mean that the money is the most important factor that makes people work for certain companies or to stay motivated. The need of money might make people take on certain types of works, where they would not want to go for it if they knew they had other chances. Hence, in actual fact that is not due to their motivation or happiness. One of the theories of human motivation ‘Money as a motivator theory’ is grounded on the belief that the need for money primarily motivates all workers (â€Å"Theories of Human,†2004) However a statement like that is true only partially, regardless of the fact that the most common answer would be the money is what people work for. A simple pay raise, naturally not identified as part of the corporate culture, would be defined as an external motivator. Pay is expected, needed, and required it is not necessarily an identifier of either corporate or personal identity† (Grossman, n. d. , A brief pause section, para. 2) According to Grossman (2005) â€Å"Psychologists call money a ‘deficiency need’. Money motivates people only when they feel deficient in it when they feel they do not have enough† (The Payoff section, para. ). There are people like volunteers or monks who are able to carry on in their life, often to be seen much happier, despites the fact that they are not on a high financial level. Therefore money is not one of the factors affecting the productivity of employees in an organization. One of the most out of the ordinary, at the same time having a great impact on a worker’s personal health and one’s working experience. There are several ways on dealing with bullying, but if to look at it through the target’s eyes, it is almost impossible to resolve the situation. Although known by a number of different names including ‘mobbing’ (Leymann, 1996; Zapf et al . , 1996), harassment (Bjorqvist et al. , 1994), bullying (Einarsen Skogstad, 1996; Lewis, 1999), workplace harassment (Brodsky, 1976) and emotional abuse (Keashly, 1998) amongst others, the central core of these differing concepts are ‘systematic mistreatment’ of an ndividual which, if unabated, results in severe problems for the victim (Einarsen et al . , 2003) Psychological harassment will bring along a lot of negative effects, where the employee will start avoiding the workplace, which means the one will be absent more often, the levels of performance and productivity will drop and also it might result in lack of self confidence which leads to work incapacity, the victims may want to resign. Hirigoyen (2001) notes that in 36 per cent of the cases, the victim leaves the firm. In 20 per cent of the reported cases the person is laid off, in the 9 per cent of the cases, the departure is negotiated, in 7 per cent of the cases, the person resigns and in 1 per cent of the cases, the person is put in an anticipated retirement. From those studies it can be concluded that bullying at work is one of the most important factors that will be playing a role in job dissatisfaction, therefore causing job failure. For any organizational management it is essential to make sure that they are able to influence employees’ attitudes towards their colleagues and their job responsibilities. Organizational justice will also affect the trust between the supervisors and employees and also a reason, intension to leave their company, in other words it will influence the level of their loyalty to their management. Most researchers will agree that organizational justice is â€Å"a dominating theme in organizational life† (Cremer, 2005, p. 4). A study by Monica Forret and Mary Sue Love (2007) states that healthy relationship between colleagues in an organization is directly related to justice perceptions of an organization and therefore it helps employees to respect one another and to work well together. Hawthorne studies have developed a new theory called the human relations movement. In 1924 there were several researches conducted at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company in Illinois by a group of Harvard researchers, therefore these experiments are known among people as the Hawthorne studies. Those researches claimed that the performance was affected by the way people were treated; shaping worker’s attitudes directly depends on individual and social processes. Consequently it is vital for a management to be able to identify those needs of their employees, needs for recognition and social satisfaction. Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor are the two people who are known for their contributions in developing and gathering more information on human relations movement. The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance has become a center of attention due to the studies on human relations movement. Judge, Thoresen, Bono, Patton, 2001) Job satisfaction refers to the employee’s pleasurable or positive emotional state as a result of the appraisal of one’s job and job experiences according to (Locke, 1970; Schmidt, 2007) Not only it is an indicator of a psychological health of an employee (Haccoun Jeanrie, 1995), but also various positive results which any organization would desire, including work attendance, intention to remain in the organization, motivation to transfer learning, turnover intention and actual turnover. One of the main goals of Human Resource Department (HRD) is to boost job performance (Swanson Holton, 2001) Methodology Participants This research will require 150 people of different age categories working in different industries. It is necessary for participants to not be holding a managerial level, due to the fact that holding any power over other employees might form a different judgment, point of view related to one of the questions of this research which is trying to find out whether it is a salary paid or justice at a work place have a greater impact on job satisfaction.

Are Cover Letters Necessary

Are Cover Letters Necessary Are Cover Letters Necessary? A strong cover letter is a tool most every applicant needs to have in their arsenal. However, a number of people believe it is unnecessary and their rà ©sumà © can stand on its own. Not only is this idea likely a mistake; its practice can negate any chance of being considered seriously by potential employers. What a Cover Letter Can Do Set you apart. A cover letter is an opportunity to pitch yourself and convince the employer or recruiter to meet you in person. Its main purpose is to â€Å"wow† and prove youre a great candidate for the job. Writing a cover letter is similar to advertising a brand. It expresses what kind of team member you may be. A successful cover letter warrants a call for an interview, increases the possibility of of attaining the maximum salary available, and may put you in the top two percent of applicants who are considered for the position. Reveal your personality and ability. If your resume is formal and fact-based, the cover letter may benefit from including a bit of â€Å"personality.† By sharing more about yourself and personal style through the tone of your writing, employers are better able to determine if you fit the company’s culture or philosophy. A cover letter can build advance rapport by providing a glimpse of who you are as a person (beyond a professional facade). Why a Cover Letter May Be Ignored Its poorly written. (Enough said.) Some employers dont read them. Depending upon the type of organization and the personality of upper management, some companies merely peruse rà ©sumà ©s. If a potential employer advertises they dont wish to review a cover letter, dont bother writing one. Some recruiting trends indicate the approach is outdated. One recent Forbes article argued cover letters are passà © and not essential to the application and recruitment process. Some believe networking, experience, and a well-written rà ©sumà © are the only means to nab a job. Despite a few changing opinions, cover letters still have a place among many employers and recruiters. If you are in need of a well-written cover letter to help you land that job interview, has staff dedicated to creating applicant drafts to land the job you want. Call today: (800) 573-0840; let’s start writing!

Acid base and redox titration of vitamin C Lab Report

Acid base and redox titration of vitamin C - Lab Report Example 1:1 Moles of vitamin C 0.0031938mol Mass of vitamin C 0.564g Percent of vitamin C in the tablet 85.5% Table 2:The table below summarizes the results if the redox reaction experiment Data Trial Mass tablet used 0.67g Molarity of I3- (moles/L) 0.0990mol/l Initial volume of I3- (mL) 4.1 mL Final volume of I3- (mL) 28.6 mL Volume of I3- used 24.5 ml Moles of I3- used 0.0024mol Vitamin C: base molar ratio 1:1 Moles of vitamin C 0.0024mol Mass of vitamin C 0.43 g Percent of vitamin C in the tablet 64.18 % The equations used to find the answers in the trials are written bellow, Equation for table 1 C6H8O6(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + C6H7O6-(aq) Equation for table 2 C6H8O6(aq) + I3-(aq) -> 3 I-(aq) +C6H6O6(aq) + 2H+(aq) Discussion/Conclusion:Chemical properties of substances initiate reactions. The reduction property of vitamin C, for example, is responsible for the chemical’s property to initiate reactions with other chemicals. The acid has a high tendency to donate electron s to other chemicals forming a basis for reactions. Based on stoichiometry and known information of a chemical in reaction with vitamin C, elements such as the number of moles and even mass of vitamin C can be determined from a reaction that can be either an acid base reaction or a redox reaction. The acid base reaction involved sodium hydroxide solution, the base in the reaction, and vitamin C, the acid. The equation for the reaction is given as follows C6H8O6(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + C6H7O6-(aq) Vitamin C was oxidized in the process while sodium hydroxide was reduced. The redox reaction is on the other hand represented by the following equation, C6H8O6(aq) + I3-(aq) -> 3 I-(aq) +C6H6O6(aq) + 2H+(aq) The oxidation reaction is given by the following equation C6H8O6(aq)->C6H6O6(aq)+... Chemical properties of substances initiate reactions. The reduction property of vitamin C, for example, is responsible for the chemical’s property to initiate reactions with other chemicals. The acid has a high tendency to donate electrons to other chemicals forming a basis for reactions. Based on stoichiometry and known information of a chemical in reaction with vitamin C, elements such as the number of moles and even mass of vitamin C can be determined from a reaction that can be either an acid base reaction or a redox reaction. The acid base reaction involved sodium hydroxide solution, the base in the reaction, and vitamin C, the acid. The equation for the reaction is given as follows C6H8O6(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + C6H7O6-(aq) Vitamin C was oxidized in the process while sodium hydroxide was reduced. The redox reaction is on the other hand represented by the following equation, C6H8O6(aq) + I3-(aq) -> 3 I-(aq) +C6H6O6(aq) + 2H+(aq) The oxidation reaction is given by the following equation C6H8O6(aq)->C6H6O6(aq)+ 2H+(aq) The reduction equation is given by I3-(aq) -> 3 I-(aq) From the chemical equation, vitamin C is oxidized while iodine ions are reduced. The accurate titration is the acid base reaction. This is because it offers the same percentage composition as indicated on the vitamin C tablet used. The experiments offered different results. While the redox reaction yielded a percentage composition of 64.19 percent, the acid base reaction yielded 85.5 percent. The difference in the numbers could be due to a number of errors. The first type of error that could have led to the difference is inaccurate measurement of the reactants. Such could occur in measuring readings in the titration process for the redox reactions.

Subject Criminal Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subject Criminal Profiling - Essay Example In the space provided, list those factors which substantiate an accidental death and were found at or in: As a peace officer and a person whose career is on human protection and rights, it is common practice for the victim to have the weapons near arms reach so that in cases of turmoil and conflicts, the weapon will be always ready to be used. Also, it has been embedded in the victims' subconscious that the weapons should always be with him attached to his body or near him. In this case, it was near his place of demise. During the time of his deliberation of the act, the victim may not want to see his badge, credentials and uniform around the place of where the act will be done. This is based on the fact that the victim worked very hard to earn those items during a better time in his life. There is an underlying assumption that the victim may not want to see the things he deeply cared for so as not to influence his decision to do what he must. He hid them in a box on the floor below because he did not want them to be in the same room when he killed himself. We have conducted a complete investigation regarding this unattended death and have come to the conclusion that this death was caused by accident attributed to autoerotic asphyxia. ... In this case, it was near his place of demise. B. Why did the victim hide his badge, credentials, and uniform in such a location that they were not discovered until five days later During the time of his deliberation of the act, the victim may not want to see his badge, credentials and uniform around the place of where the act will be done. This is based on the fact that the victim worked very hard to earn those items during a better time in his life. There is an underlying assumption that the victim may not want to see the things he deeply cared for so as not to influence his decision to do what he must. He hid them in a box on the floor below because he did not want them to be in the same room when he killed himself. 4. State your opinion as to the manner of death in this case and give your reasons for that opinion. We have conducted a complete investigation regarding this unattended death and have come to the conclusion that this death was caused by accident attributed to autoerotic asphyxia. The scene was not staged as anything but a place for autoerotic asphyxia practice. The investigators are not here to decide for the outcome of the case but to identify factors that attributed to the origin of the death of the victim. These are our reasons: AEA practitioners use a variety of techniques to produce the hypoxia. Among the more common are self-hanging, strangulation, choking, suffocation and techniques to restrict breathing movements. Self-hanging is the most common method observed among fatal cases. The activity is usually solitary and the individual usually chooses a private or secluded place. When carried out in the home, the activity is usually confined

Benefits and cost in quality management systems Essay

Benefits and cost in quality management systems - Essay Example Traditionally quality management was confined to a quality control department, the job being to keep proper checks and balances on the product or service being sure, the customers are being provided the quality they wish to attain while purchasing a distinct service or product. Now, with the passage of time, This Quality management has evolved and emerged as a complete system of its own. It has now become a whole Quality management System. 'The term ISO 9000 has two major connotations. One is specific standard called ISO 9000 'Quality Management Systems Fundamentals and the vocabulary and the second Connotation is a family of standards that compose the ISO 9000 series related to quality management systems . (Cobb, Charles G ,2003 ) Quality management systems have evolved and Total Quality Management System (TQM) have been developed which in Totality tend to manage and deliver the best quality standards of service and products. There is an ongoing debate about how vital these Quality management systems are for organizations. And how proper structuring of such Systems can enhance efficiency of an organization, hence help succeed in the goals short term and long-term. The notion stated above is true to some extent, as some companies fail to actually realize how vital Quality management systems are. For the success of the organization and sustenance in the customer market. For It is simple business rule , once if any organization is unable to satisfy its consumer in regards to the value and quality of the service and product being provided , the customer would not need to wait longer for the product or service to improve , as there are possible better substitutes available in the market . The product and service market captures a huge market share. The market is seen to be full of competitors at each level. All trying their best to excel. Hence, if in such a scenario, organizations do not invest in a quality management system continuously, it would not be a surprise if companies would fall out of the market. The reason behind, organizations failing to recognize the vitality of such an investment can be many. But to be really specific, we can say that all Quality management systems (including the implementation of TQM) can be costly to some organizations, and are thus avoided. The fact, that by implementing such a system the organization can expect far more benefits both then and the longer run. "Management system" refers to what the organization does to manage its processes or activities to ensure the products or services meet the objectives it has set itself, in particular: satisfying the customer's quality requirements, and complying to relevant regulations. In a very small organization, there is probably no system, as such, just "our way of doing things," which may not even be written down, but all in the owner's head. The larger the organization, and the more people involved, the greater the likelihood that there are some written procedures, instructions, forms or records. These help ensure everyone is not just doing his or her own thing, and that the organizati

The Implementation Of Change Management In Maxis Information Technology Essay

The Implementation Of Change Management In Maxis Information Technology Essay Maxis are Malaysias leading telecommunications company and market leader with a total mobile phone subscriber base of more than seven million, as at 31 December 2005. Maxis continue to enhance how people communicate and live with an impressive array of innovative products and services. Maxis were the first to launch 3G Connect Card, PC Webmail, Video Mail and 3G prepaid. They are having significantly increased the 3G service coverage since its launch in July 2005, catering to more than 740 sites across Malaysia. The case study of Maxis was about the company taking a generation shifts at the top management (management team) to meet the challenges of the competitors and the unpredictable demands of the global competitors in a rapid changing and hostile environment. The study aims to analyze the implementation of change in Maxis and making a shift to update telecommunication technology from 2G to 3G. This was initiative taken by Maxis implementation of a generational shift in order to be competitive in global market is still questionable as the highly competitive market is indeed a tough to overcome. This study discussed: (a) The importance of change and the demand to be competitive. (b) The success of implementing the change process in Maxis (adopting and adapting the new technology) (c) Importance of organizational change in Maxis The Wireless Industry felt that inventing 3G network was critical in order to offer high-bandwidth services to their customers, or risk losing out to their competitors. Third generation mobile phones (3G) are at the introduction stage and a lucrative trend. Maxis were able to achieve market leadership because its constant efforts towards developing a corporate culture which fostered innovation. It wasnt easy for Maxis to maintain market leadership in the ever-changing telecommunications industry. The vision and dedication of its key personnel allowed Maxis to have a clear advantage over its competitors. Success and winning only comes naturally when the right people initiate and lead the charge to victory. The vision and mission of Maxis played a very important role in fostering innovation for a company that aspires to be the best based on a set of values that serves as a guiding principle in all its relationships, internally and externally, unifies and motivates its staff, provides clarity in its decision making, defines the way it conduct business to the community (Maxis website, 2004). 2.0 Change Management as a competitive advantage in Maxis To excel in todays business climate, organizations must continually deliver a varied range of products and services that provide high business value. Even the most successful enterprises can experience failure because they unsuccessfully manage change in software development. With more demand than ever for IT (Information Technology) to quickly and accurately achieve and support corporate objectives, IT organizations must cope with a continuous barrage of changes-changes in product requirements, technology, development processes, and deployment environments. As a result, telecommunication companies can only successfully deliver newer technology assets and applications to their current customers and attract new customer base through proactive management of change. The single, most constant factor in telecommunication companies is change (Becher, 1989). Telecommunication providing organizations and project teams must deal with rapidly changing business and product requirements, development methodologies, delivery technologies, and application architectures. For Maxis, there are compelling reasons to believe that 3G network will work around the skepticisms surrounding the technology and succeed. The 3-G network is broadband and 6 times faster than GPRS and three times faster than EDGE (Maxis Website). With its abilities to deliver video-based services, it opens the door to a brand new communications medium whereby the mobile experience is made more diverse, more interactive and more enjoyable than its technological predecessors. With launch of 3G in maxis, the telecom users will be able to talk to each other as well as to see each other face-to-face and share special moments as they happen. We get access to content; especially live TV and video streaming that is more diverse, richer and a lot more engaging and also very enhancing for the users. Adopting 3G, user can easy access to broadband connectivity on your mobile device and your laptop, anytime, anywhere and you dont have to look for Internet cables or phone lines ever again. The great advantage of 3G at this point is due to the low broadband service penetration currently. Above all, for mobile operators, 3G provides growth as the market for voice telephony matures. Data is set to rule the communications industry of the future and thus, 3G network would be a service to look forward to by customer in future. The major benefits that Maxis will be reaping by the proposed change management would be: 2.1 The need to reinvent the business as the business environment changes As the competitive pressures increase, the company needs to rethink its business strategy and position in the value chain by contributing both to differentiation and cost leader strategies is to simplify the value chain and move closer to customers through mobile services. 2.2 The need to be able to focus on the most differentiating activities Most operators still want to differentiate with new mobile services, content and portals. Extensive efforts are required to develop, launch and market with increasing time-to-market pressures and by being able to focus on these most differentiating activities is a significant benefit in view of a more complex technological environment in the future. 2.3 The need to improve operational efficiency After usual process optimization and competence development, the main source for cost efficiency is economies of scale. There is a need to increase the cost efficiency of basic technical operations irrespective of the operators competitive strategy. For very large operators and international operator groups, it is possible to gain significant economies of scale in-house. Small and medium sized operators should consider a managed service provider that could deliver benefits for their business by creating higher economies of scale on their behalf. 2.4 The need to improve quality of services and operations If Maxis manages the operations and network well with necessary capacity increases and modernization, the quality of service will be meeting the customers expectations. However, the quality is unlikely to be a differentiating factor as all the operators can deliver the same product. The new mobile services and applications provide excellent possibilities for quality differentiation and grabbing market share in a certain time window. The operators should make the most out of this with the chosen help of the experienced managed service provider. 2.5 The need to manage technology and operational challenges In traditional operator-vendor relationships, the operator has responsibility for deploying mobile services network technologies, billing and customer care readiness. This integration responsibility involved risk and managed services contract can be set up in a way to reduce this technology and operational risk by linking service providers incentives to operators business objectives. These drivers differ from one operator to another and each of these drivers needs to be considered carefully. Since outsourcing of technical operations is such a major change, it should be based on the correct and well considered reasons. 3.0 Fostering successful change management in Maxis Successful management improvement efforts require the active involvement of managers and staff throughout the organization to provide ideas for improvements and supply the energy and expertise needed to implement changes. Employees at all levels of high-performing organizations participate in and have a stake in improving operational and program performance to achieve results. High-performing organizations use a number of strategies and techniques to effectively involve employees, ie (1) Fostering a performance oriented culture, (2) Working to develop a consensus with unions on goals and strategies, (3) Providing the training that staff need to work effectively, and (4) Devolving authority while focusing accountability on results. Employees in high-performing organizations understand the importance of and the connection between their performance and the organizations success. The failure to constructively involve staff in an organizations improvement efforts means running the risk that the changes will be more difficult and protracted than necessary (Becher, 1989). The various steps for a successful organizational change in Maxis were: 3.1 Form the coalition. Once we create the commitment of what we want to our vision to be, the second step is to form a coalition of all stakeholders as well as both internal and external members of the organization. Its not only the senior management, but it is everyone that is involved with the company as well. 3.2 Envision the future (Implementation of 3G Pilot Launch) Envisioning the future is about painting a picture of what the firm is going to look like when this journey and transformation are complete. Many individuals who are part of the team will have difficulty understanding what the changes that are attempted to incorporate into the business really mean. They are going to ask how the change is going to affect the company and, more importantly, each individual within the company. This explained the pilot launch in Klang valley during the 3rd quarter of 2004. (The Star-In Tech, 22 June 2004). According to the news, Maxis Communications Bhd will initially roll out its 3G (third generation) mobile services in populated areas of the Klang Valley in the first 18 months to two years following its commercial launch by the end of 2004. Maxis revealed how, by offering these services, they would be able to grow significantly faster while providing the clients with a much higher value service, and this would create more opportunities for each of the stakeholders. At the same time, if they didnt change, they were going to fall behind in the industry, leaving fewer opportunities for employees, becoming a less important partner in the financial advisors growth, and not doing all that they could in assisting the investors to achieve their financial goals. It was not a very tough decision for the stakeholders once they had the information and time to confirm the vision. 3.3 Begin the transformation. Successful change is a real challenge because no one reacts well to change except the person that is driving it. When change comes, we all tend to immediately put our hands up and try to figure out how to avoid it. Behaviorists tell us that 80 percent of us are reactive thinkers who will do anything to avoid change. Twenty percent of us are creative thinkers, meaning we initially try to avoid the change, but then examine and judge whether its a good change or a bad change. If we think it is a good change we will incorporate it into our lives. If creative thinkers believe it is a change for the worse, they will just figure out ways to go around it. The only way to ensure that change occurs smoothly is to have a road map that outlines the process that will be incorporate into your firm to make it work for mutual benefit. 3.4 Embed it in the culture. Everything that was doing should be consistent with the commitment. For example, Maxis was constantly promoting 3G network advantage to their valuable customer over the country during the initial launch. This creates a sense of commitment for all the employees that they are undergoing change and it is therefore real and it creates a new culture. 3.5 Accelerate the pace. Maxis helped everyone see the increased competition and the need to differentiate it from all the other firms. Maxis understand the likely outcome if you dont make the changes. They know that it will be fine to be uncomfortable with change but that the winner in business will always be the one who most effectively adapts to the new environment. 3.6 Collaboration with other organizations According to Mobilecomms-technology.com, Maxis realized that the success of any 3G network relies on the availability of 3G handsets in the marketplace. A joint venture between Sony and Ericsson has been contracted by Maxis to provide 300,000 3G enabled handsets in a contract worth RM20 million for the period 2004-05. Maxis also intend to continue its close relationship with both Motorola and Siemens, and 3G handsets from these companies will also be available. Maxis also collaborated with Astro, especially in streaming live telecasts. Taken from the same article; Maxis mobile subscribers are also set to get video streaming services before the 3G network goes live, as Astro are to provide program clips, running at 64kbps and 24 frames per second, to the existing Maxis 2G GPRS Network. In addition, Motorola is installing its new push-to-talk over cellular service on the Maxis 2G network that will allow a single subscriber to connect with one or many users at one time via the single push of a button on their handset (this should see most use in the corporate market place for the easy arrangement of conference calls). 3.7 Continuously reinvent yourself High-performing organizations seek to involve and engage employees by devolving authority to lower levels of the organization. Employees are more likely to support changes when they have the necessary amount of authority and flexibilityalong with commensurate accountability and incentivesto advance the agencys goals and improve performance. Allowing employees to bring their expertise and judgment to bear in meeting their responsibilities can help agencies capitalize on their employees talents, leading to more effective and efficient operations and improved customer service. To continue usage of video streaming and video calls, Maxis has lowered the cost of 3G network charge toward their customer to increase the usage of it. The excerpt blow was taken from the article Maxis lowers cost of 3G adoption published on August 7, 2006. We are seeing a healthy uptake on 3G services with people coming on board at an incremental increase of 30% every month. We believe free video calling will further accelerate 3G adoption in Malaysia, said Maxis Head of Products and New Businesses, Dr. Nikolai Dobberstein. At the of end July, Maxis has 256,000 customers with 3G mobile phones in its base, of which 150,000 are active 3G users. By removing the cost barrier, Maxis hopes to drive up usage among 3G handset owners in its base and counter the prevalent notion of 3G being expensive. With Maxis continual low pricing strategy, we are turning that around and proving that Maxis 3G is as affordable as 2G, said Dobberstein. 4.0 Comments and Suggestions The success of the change implementation was due to the fact that it was an initiative from top management and it was clearly seen that the shift is urgent with the competitors in the market coming up with new invention. (It is an internal change and the change agent is the top management). This was congruent with one of the Organanizational Development principle, which stated that the Change Management should start from the top. According to Rothwell et al (2010), Organizational Development works best when it is supported by top managers. This is because top managers are traditionally the chief power brokers and change agents in the organization; they often control an organizations resources and reward system. The expertise of the staff was recognized and their ideas were discussed during meetings therefore capitalizing on their talents will enhance the operations and allow a smooth revolution of change. The staffs were committed to change and they were aware that there is pressure from the environment and Maxis have to differentiate from other firms and the change was necessary and the change is directed to positive results so there was no resistance to change. There is a need for change that was understood by employees. The management also has created the awareness of change. Change is inevitable, and this message was disseminated throughout the organization. This ensure low level of resistance to change. The collaboration with Sony, Ericson, Motorola and Astro has strengthen the change as companies supporting each other in terms of sharing of network, video streaming has led to a win -win situation in the corporate market. However, the change process in Maxis was a success but the future has yet to be seen in this era of companies coming up with new intervention and innovation to have the competitive advantage but the war is not over yet for Maxis as further strategies to combat the competitions need to be planned ahead of time so as to meet the demands of the future market in the era of globalization. The group view that other strategies such as new design and more practical models may be able to penetrate the market apart from technology which is the main area of competitiveness as customers of today do not only value the update of technology but the design has cosmetic value and it influence the user in the trendy world of today. 5.0 Conclusion The telecommunication industry felt it was not practical and risky to launch 3G network in the market because it final result is quite unpredictable. It could be said that the industry as well as stakeholders still felt sceptical even though the pilot plant was considered a success. However after the implementation, Maxis has proved that it had been successful in term of change management. This was proved by statistics from The Mobile World that noted Maxis ended Q1 06 with some 8.2 million customers giving them a market share of 42.5%. The country has a population penetration rate of 80%. Even though this could be directly linked to 3G, but it is not to be denied that 3G contributed a major part in the increase of market share. This notion was strengthen by the fact that Maxis has the most extensive integrated 3G network coverage in all major cities in the country. The Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Kuantan, Alor Setar, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching and other cities are now with 3G connectivity. Today, Maxis have over 300 buildings with Maxis 3G/2G transmitters, and also over 350 Maxis Utopia and Airzà «d WLAN hotspots.   After the tremendous success in Malaysia, Maxis planned to penetrate 3G in Indonesia (end of year 2006) using the same change management plan. Thus, the well planned change can bring the expected result in the end. The change plan is very important to make a company to be market leader or sustain in the market.

Antigone: A Greek Tragedy Essay examples -- essays Papers

Antigone: A Greek Tragedy The play Antigone is often thought to be a Greek tragedy because each of the tragic heroes is neither extremely good or bad, their fortunes change from good to bad, their misfortunes do not result from their own wrong doings, and they arouse pity within the audience. Antigone and Creon are the two tragic heroes of this play; however, I believe Creon to be main one. In the play Antigone there can be seen a struggle between two forces: god’s law verses man’s law. A woman, Antigone, who strongly believed in the god’s law, opposed a king, Creon, who believed in the man’s law. Antigone disobeyed Creon’s law, about burying Polyneices, simply because she felt it to be her duty to the gods. Although both Creon and Antigone suffer greatly in the play, I believe that Creon is the tragic hero. Creon was a king who made a fatal mistake, he didn’t listen to other people. In the beginning of the play Creon decided not to bury the body of his dead nephew Polyneices. He proclaimed throughout his city that whoever buries Polyneices will be stoned to death. Creon hoped that by making such a threat he would stop any disagreements and would establish peace in Thebes. But Creon was wrong. Antigone, a relative of Creon, decided to bury Polyneices, because she felt that Polyneices’ soul didn’t deserve an eternity of suffering and wondering (Greeks believed that if a person wouldn’t be properly buried his soul would wonder forever and will never be at ease). Unfortun...

Developing A Model Airbag

The reaction in Trial 2 most likely went to completion because there was an extreme increase in the amount of CA gas produced and in our observations, we did not notice any reactants that had not undergone a chemical change. The more effective design of the model played a significant role in the large production of CA gas; because Model 1 exceeded the mass limit, we used materials with smaller masses when we developed Model 2.Instead of the plastic weighing oat, we used the other plastic bags and also used less tape to attach It to the inside of our bag. In our previous trial, we noticed that acetic acid was leaking through the barrier. In order to generate a more efficient separation mechanism, we placed the sodium bicarbonate in the pocket instead of the acetic acid. The higher walls of the pocket used in Model 2 also served to prevent any of the sodium bicarbonate from falling out during transportation.However, like in Trial 1/Model 1, a possible source of error may be found in Ou r measurements: it was difficult to accurately measure the volume of the acetic acid and to measure the height of our airbag after the substances inside had reacted after the â€Å"crash. † In order to improve our experiment, it would be suitable if the trials were performed in a controlled environment at STOP to rule out any external atmospheric factors.If we had also employed more accurate methods of measurement, such as using a 5 ml graduated cylinder instead of a 10 ml graduated cylinder to measure the acetic acid, we may have been able to obtain a more completed reaction. The method used to measure the dimensions and volume of the bag was a little unreliable because there was too great a chance of human error. A laboratory device, possibly electric, specifically designed to measure volume could have eliminated any discrepancies in our measurements and calculations.Model 2 would be the most appropriate design for inflating airbags. As noted in Table 1, not only did it pro duce the greatest amount of CA , even more than we had initially predicted, but it also met the mass requirements. It also included the most effective system of keeping the reactants separate but allowing them to quickly deploy when it was time to perform the trial. The high walls of the pocket were suitable for preventing the Enhance from pilling during the building or transfer of the model. The design was also lighter in mass and more compact in size.

ACT Reading

How Science/Math People Can Do Well on SAT/ACT Reading SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The reading sections of the SAT and ACT can be intimidating at first glance if you’re more inclined towards math and science than the humanities. All those passages! The horror! Fear not, my number-loving friend. The reading sections of these tests are actually more logic and evidence-based than you might expect. In some cases, your science and math skills can even help you find the correct answers. This article details three strategies for approaching SAT and ACT Reading if you consider yourself a more math and science-oriented student. Strategy 1: Understand the Fundamental Rule It’s crucial that you understand the one fundamental rule of SAT and ACTReading before you take either test as a self-described "science and math person". This rule is that there is only one unambiguously correct answer for every question, and you will be able to find direct evidence in the passage leading to elimination of all other choices.Eliminating answer choices should be a key aspect of your overall strategy. If even one small part of an answer choice doesn’t fit,you have to get rid of it!If you do this right, you should be left with only the correct answer every time.As someone who is more math and science oriented, it may actually be easier for you to eliminate answers that don't line up with evidence in the passage. On the SAT and ACT,you'll never have to do any deep literary analysis of any of the passages. Your approach to the reading sections should be different from the way you approach reading in your English classes. In this case, you can take each passage at face value. Though you'll run into some questions that ask you to look a bit beyond the literal facts of the text, there will always be a chain of direct evidence leading to your answer. Here's an example of an ACT inference question to show you what I mean: It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that when the narrator says, â€Å"I didn’t see the red, yellow, and purple clusters that meant flowers to me† (lines 30–31), she is most nearly indicating that: A. from her current position, she couldn’t see the old woman’s flowers, which were still growing near the house.B. the flowers grown by the old woman had died because the narrator had stopped watering them.C. the flowers grown by the old woman had been cut down when Eugene’s father mowed the lawn.D. the weeds that had grown up in the old couple’s lawn had intertwined with the flowers, making the flowers hard to see. Despite the fact that this question is asking us to make an inference, we can still eliminate most of the choices because of the evidence found in the passage. The full sentence referenced in the question reads: The father had spent several days mowing, and when he finished, from where Isat, I didn’t see the red, yellow, and purple clusters that meant flowers to me. The information in this sentence allows us to discard three out of the four answer choices. Choices B and D are not relevant to why the narrator can no longer see the flowers, and choice A is possible, but not likely given the sequence of events presented in the sentence.Choice Cmakes the most sense given the context. If you're astudent who gravitates towards science and math, this is actually your kind of reading test because there is no subjectivity. The units and data in the reading sectionsjusthappen to be words instead of numbers. On the SAT and ACT, you have to mow down all the incorrect answers to reveal the perfectly groomed correct answer lawn beneath them. Shut up I know it's not a perfect metaphor. Strategy 2: Focus on the Evidence Reading questions on both the SAT and the ACT are always evidence-based, even if they seem subjective.Because these are standardized tests, the answers to questions must find a way to restate something that is explicitly referenced in the passage. This prevents any of the questions from opening themselves up to more than one interpretation, which would destroy the integrity of the test as an assessment tool.Every reading question must be answered using evidence in the passage or sentence. If you don’t see evidence for an answer choice, it’s incorrect.This goes back to the fact that in SAT and ACT reading questions, words are just another form of data. Let’s look at a sample SAT question to prove my point: The author of passage 1 mentions Isaac Newton (lines 37-40) in order to: A. emphasize the rapid rate of technological innovationB. acknowledge the impact of a profound thinkerC. criticize the inflexibility of Newton's contemporariesD. highlight the value of scientific curiosity The relevant lines read: Technological advances build upon each other, increasing technological abilities faster than most people anticipate. Imagine, for example, how astounded even a great seventeenth-century scientist like Isaac Newton would be by our current global communication system, were he alive today. From the evidence in these lines, we can see that Isaac Newton is mentioned as an example to demonstrate that even the greatest scientists in history would be amazed at the level of human technological change that has occurred over time. Based on this, we can confidently pick choice A as our answer. The middle two answer choices are too invested in Newton specifically rather than his place in proving the author’s larger point, and choice D doesn’t actually have anything to do with the point being made in these lines. The point is spelled out very directly; technological abilities have increased much faster than anyone could have ever anticipated. This is virtually synonymous with choice A: emphasize the rapid rate of technological innovation. If anyone drops another MacBook on my head I swear to God... Strategy 3: Read Smart The one aspect of the SAT and ACT reading sections that often poses a big problem for less reading-oriented people is finishing the passages in time. This is particularly true on the ACT, where you have only 35 minutes to read three long passages and a set of paired passages and answer 40 questions total.If you’re a slow reader and you try to read every passage closely, you may run out of time and lose easy points. That’s why you should figure out a good passage reading strategy before the test. Think of this as an experiment (except this time it's not about the material itself, it's about figuring out the best way for you to approach it). Try different methods so you can start collecting data about what works for you. Method 1: Read the Questions First, Skim the Passage Later You won’t be able to answer every question right away with this strategy, but there are many questions thatreference specific line numbers in the passage. This is especially true on the SAT, where almost every question provides you with the line numbers you need to read in order to answer it. As you answer these types of questions, you'll start to get a sense of the main ideas presented in the passage.If you need to read some parts of the passage more closely for specific questions, you can do that on a question-by-question basis. This strategy will probably also reduce your test anxiety.If you’ve been able to answer a couple questions about the passage already, you’ll feel much less pressure going forward. Method 2: Skim the Passage Before Reading the Questions This method requires knowledge of how to skim efficiently. Irecommend reading the introduction and conclusion of the passage and the first and last sentences of every paragraph so you’ll understand the thesis and main arguments. Skimming in this way should give you most of the information you need to answer big picture questions about the passage.When you come across questions that reference specific lines and words, you can go back and read more carefully. These methods take practice, so don’t go into the test unprepared if you struggle with time on the reading section!Try out these strategies on timed practice tests first to see what works best for you. Again, think of this as a science experiment where you're collecting data on the most efficient way for you to take the test. Summary Even if you consider yourself more of a science and math person, you CAN do well on the SAT and ACT Reading sections.SAT and ACT Reading will potentially be easier for you than the reading tests you've taken in school because each question has one objectively correct answer that is supported by evidence in the passage. Above all, remember to: #1: Understand the fundamental rule#2: Focus on direct evidence#3: Formulate a passage-reading strategy Don’t let the reading sections freak you out just because you think you won’t be good at them!You’re just as capable as any word nerd of doing well on reading as long as you know what you’re up against. What's Next? For more strategies to help you with the Reading sections, check out our articles on how to get perfect scores on SAT Reading and ACT Reading. If you're not quite ready to aim for a perfect score on SAT Reading, start with our more basic article on strategies to improve low reading scores. If you're still trying to decide whether to take the SAT or the ACT and want to know which one is better for you, read about which students should take which here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films, Allegory

The Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films, Allegory The Lord Of The Flies William Golding uses much symbolism in his novel, The Lord of the Flies, to help readers gain a greater understanding of his message. He uses symbolism in three important areas: objects that have symbolic value as references to ideas, characters that symbolize important historical and religious people, and the setting which frames the conflicts on the island in comparison to the whole world. Objects are the first part of the story that are symbolic. Many objects in The Lord of the Flies have important symbolic value. The conch shell represents power and authority, and Ralph uses it to call for the boys to come to meetings. Whoever has the shell has the power to talk. The conch shows how people use objects to give power, like a crown, sceptre, or other thins that show who has power. We also learn that objects dont really give power when people choose not to obey it, like Ralphs conch. The pigs head, or Lord of the Flies, is an important object. To Jack it is a sacrifice for the beast. This object shows that people will make religions and rituals to control their world, even when what they think is not true. The Lord of the Flies is also a symbol of Satan, or the Devil. When Simon talked with the Lord of the Flies, he learned what the real evil was, which is the evil in peoples hearts. The Lord of the Flies is a symbol of the things we make up to be the cause for evil, when those things arent the real reason. The fire is a symbol of hope and rescue. When the fire was burning bright, it was because the boys were working hard to get rescued. When the fire burnt out, it was because many boys, like Jack, didnt care anymore about being rescued. In the end, the fire that got them rescued was not meant for rescue. It was there because Jack was burning down the island to kill Ralph. This shows us that we get things from luck instead of hard work. The objects in the story are used by characters that also have symbolism. The many different characters on the island are symbols of important people. They show how the real world is made up of people. Ralph is a good leader who cannot control bad people like Jack. Ralph is like Franklin Roosevelt before World War II who could not stop the war from breaking out. He also represents democracy, and is responsible. The boys wanted to do what they wanted, but Ralph couldnt stop them. Piggy represents educated people who give advice but nobody listens to them. Piggy was like Albert Einstein because people didnt care that he thought the atomic bomb was bad weapon. Simon was a symbol of Jesus Christ because he knew the truth about the beast, but the boys killed him when he came to tell them the truth. Jack was a symbol of Adolf Hitler. He was a crazy leader who killed many people because he wanted power. Like Hitler Jack was dictatorial and ignorant. Jack started his own tribe when they should stay with Ralph, and Jack killed Simon and didnt care. Roger is even worse than Jack, even though he isnt like that at the start. He is like Dr. Mengele who was Hitlers worker and did very bad operations on people, worse than Hitler. Roger is like this because he makes stick sharpened at both ends. All these people live in an island that is like the rest of the world. The setting of The Lord of the Flies is backdrop that makes it easy to see the boys wickedness compared to the wickedness of the world and people in general. World War II is going on while the story happens. The parachuter, that the boys think is the beast, shows that they cannot get away from war, and they have war themselves later. Parts of the island are also important. The beach is important because it is where Simon dies, and also where the boys live. Castle Rock is important because this is where the tribe goes to live. It is very small, with no food or soft ground, but the boys still go there because they can defend it. They think they must fight the beast and other boys, but they really have nothing to be afraid of from the

Minorities and streotype Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minorities and streotype - Research Paper Example The media has come under scrutiny for propagating a less than ideal portrayal of minorities in the country through their sitcoms, big screen movies, and newscasts. Television provides a ready stream of racial stereotypes that reinforce audiences’ perceptions about minority groups such as Latin-Americans, Asian Americans, and African Americans (Fuligni 43). A look at the character of Rajesh Koothrappali in the popular American Television show ‘the big bang theory’ represents a form of Asian American stereotyping. In the show, Rajesh Koothrappali gets portrayed as nerdy and socially dysfunctional. Koothrappali is so socially dysfunctional that he is unable to speak when in the company of women, even attractive ones. He is portrayed as being socially awkward and focused on his education endeavors. Further stereotyping of Koothrappali gets witnessed whenever he gets to meet any woman and the first question they ask him is if he is capable of speaking English. Koothrap pali’s parents also get portrayed as conservative and strict in the show. They nag him about marriage and they even go ahead to select for him several girls he should get to marry back in India. Further stereotyping gets portrayed through Koothrapali’s geeky and technological nature. Historically, Asian Americans frequently get typified as foreigners in television shows and Hollywood films. This minority group gets portrayed as performing mysterious customs and speaking broken English. The stereotypes of Asian Americans also get gender specific. Asian women get portrayed as dangerous or domineering women who are attractive sexually but also immoral. In war films, Asian women become portrayed as sex workers or prostitutes. In the media, Asian American men get personified as math whizzes, geeks, technologically ardent, and as non-masculine. Asian American men also get portrayed as domineering over their families and chauvinistic. A general stereotype of Asian Americans a lso portrays them as mostly doctors, engineers, or business persons (Fuligni 47). They also get portrayed as lacking fashion sense and thus dress conservatively. They often get portrayed as wearing non classy and ordinary clothing all the time. The media also portrays this minority group as looking almost identical and similar. This stereotype largely gets applied to East Asians of Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and even of Indian descent. Lastly, Asians also get stereotyped as poor to the western world audience. The image portrayal of the character of Koothrappalli on the ‘big bang theory’ serves to maintain current stereotypes of Asian Americans. Koothrappali gets presented as part of the geek community in the comedy show. Together with his three scientist friends, he gets portrayed as a nerd and genius. Furthermore, he gets typified as socially awkward as he is unable to hold a conversation with women unless he gets drunk. Among his three scientist friends he is the only one who lacks a girlfriend too. His parents also get shown as conservative. In various episodes of the show, they get shown as insistent on him to get married to an Indian girl in keeping with their customs and traditions. His father appears to have the final say in most conversation between him and his mother too. The show also portrays Koothrappali as having a deep Indian accent whenever he speaks English. He becomes a constant target of ridicule among his friends about his friends who joke at him about his accent. His inability to speak to

Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Reflection Paper - Assignment Example In my well-thought opinion, I would like to define forgiveness as an act of reconciling sand whole heartedly forgetting about the past mistakes and faults committed by an individual. Meaning, when one is forgiven, all their perceived past misdeeds which might have caused some discomfort or felt below the overall standards of the organization should be forgiven. According to this definition, forgiveness should be exercised without considering any boundary. In other words, it should be unconditionally granted without putting any conditions to the person who is believed to have committed any offence or done any mistake. This is why it should be offered whole heartedly in order to free both the involved parties. As an ethical leader, I would always advocate for forgiveness within my organization. This implies that I would urge and appeal to everyone under my leadership to always consider forgiving one another regardless of the magnitude of the fault. However, in order to appeal most to them, I would have to demonstrate an element of forgiveness in the workplace. This would be done by acting as a role model who can be emulated by others. Once all my colleagues and juniors perceive me as a forgiver, they would have to copy me because it is a good and virtuous quality which they should all possess. The other way through which I would demonstrate forgiveness is by organizing for counseling sessions, formulating pro-forgiveness policies and instituting a panel to handle forgiveness-related issues. This would promote forgiveness at all times. The sentiments echoed by Caldwell & Dixon in â€Å"Love, Forgiveness, and Trust: Critical Values of the Modern Leader† can be of great importance to any organization if properly implemented. As these authors exclaim, love, forgiveness and trust are core values which need to be fostered. True to their observations, they

Velocity of Sound Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Velocity of Sound - Lab Report Example Sound is often part and parcel of our entire surrounding and has great significance in our daily life. Generally, sound is a form of energy that is majorly produced and propagated through the longitudinal waves. They can also be termed as being elastic waves that requires a medium for transmission. The other fact is that, sound cannot be transmitted through a vacuum. It basically travels in liquids, solids and gases. The rate of velocity of sound varies from one medium to the other. For instance, it is higher in solids as compared to liquids and gases respectively (SpinART, 2002). Sound can be classified as being either musical, noise, high pitched, among other categories. In the undertaken lab experiment, the velocity of sound was measured using a method that is referred to as the Kundt’s tube technique. This was ascertained by allowing the sound to travel through a given metal rod, so as to determine its frequency as well as the speed. Sound is often propagated by longitudinal waves. These are waves whereby the particles movement consists of various oscillations to and fro within the direction and magnitude of propagation. Within a metal rod, sound can either be transmitted by transverse or longitudinal waves. In this lab experiment, longitudinal waves were produced in an air column and a metal rod. The sound frequency was then determined by use of wave motion concept. In this ultimate equation, f is taken as the frequency while  l  is the wavelength. When the rod set into vibration through proper stroking, the standing waves are hence produced within the vibrating rod. Due to the clamping of the rod at its mid- point, the clamped point is taken as a node with zero amplitude, whereas the ends that vibrates are taken as antinodes with maximum amplitudes. Vibration of the rod in such a manner means that its wavelength and fundamental frequency are twice the rod length (SpinART, 2002). After assembling

Impact of Columbus Voyages on the Indigenous People Essay Example for Free

Impact of Columbus Voyages on the Indigenous People Essay The indigenous people were accustomed to sicknesses of their own but none like the ones brought by the Spanish. With the coming of these diseases many of the indigenous people died from small pox and chicken pox. Realizing this effect the diseases had on them many might have committed suicide and led up to other ways in which the indigenous people died out. After Columbus had left for the first time his men became lazy and put the indigenous people to work and as a result these people attacked but it was futile and many of them died. This was because the Spanish men were better armed with steal and metal weapons, powerful crossbows unlike the simple arrows and bows of the indigenous people. As taken from Caribbean History: Foundations Book 1 written by William Claypole and John Robottom it says ‘The Spaniards used horses for quick attacks and retreats, while the Tainos suffered dreadful casualties by rushing headlong at the enemy. In a very short time, tens of thousands were killed’. Afterwards the people were forced to pay taxes of gold and cotton or they were forced to give several weeks of free labour. The way in which the indigenous people were killed also known as genocide happened under the Spanish rule and decreased the population of these people. Indigenous people were polytheistic and their God’s were known as Zemis that they represented with wood, bone and stone carvings. Their Gods gave them good crops, sun, rain and corn. They believed deeply in these Gods and so when the Spanish tried to change their belief to that a foreign one with one God it was very difficult for them also because they were not interested in Christian learning. This made them see that there will no longer be the sun, rain and corn. Their religious practices were changed because of forced conversion to what the Spanish referred to ask Christianity. The Spanish saw the indigenous people as ‘heathens’ and wanting to please their country tried very hard to force their region on these people. Family was a big part of the indigenous society even in those where they were not a formed community like the Kalinagos who moved around and did not stay in one place. The breaking up of families made it difficult for the people to feel the togetherness of a community again. The adult males were taken away and moved around, the Kalinagos because of their war-type behavior rebelled and were killed by in the Spaniards in the wars they became part of. After so many years of fighting and trying so very hard to defend themselves, it eventually turned them into warriors which in the beginning they were not. Even if at first they were not accustomed to the fighting, suicide, killing and raids they now had to deal with these many things. Some of these indigenous people fled to the mountains and became maroon .As extracted from Karifuna/Kalinago of Dominica by Sidney Mejia ‘Indigenous people were thus being regularly displaced or exiled (to make way for plantations) to areas that were less fertile.’ They did things like destroying crops, refusing to work, poisoning the water supply and burning the food stores trying to succeed in getting back what they were before.

Cooperative Learning Essay -- Education Mathematics Essays

Cooperative Learning What is cooperative learning? In their article Cooperative Learning in Mathematics, Roza Leikin and Orit Zaslavsky propose four conditions that establish a cooperative-learning setting: (1) Students learn in small groups with two to six members in a group; (2) the learning tasks in which students are engaged require that the students mutually and positively depend on one another and on the group’s work as a whole; (3) the learning environment offers all members of the group an equal opportunity to interact with one another regarding the learning tasks and encourages them to communicate their ideas in various ways, for example, verbally; and (4) each member of the group has a responsibility to contribute to the group work and is accountable for the learning process of the group. The third condition is considered to be important because it shows that cooperative learning is more than just having students form groups in a class. The purpose of cooperative learning is not just for students to work with their peers, but to also be able to interact and communicate, which is very helpful in mathematics in particular. For example, â€Å"Cooperative learning includes the following features: face-to-face interaction, positive interdependence, individual accountability, and building social skills† (Rubenstein, Beckmann, and Thompson 11). Through this technique the students will learn and grow at the same time. However, before beginning this process, there are a few things that need to be taken into consideration. Before beginning cooperative learning in a classroom the teacher needs to make decisions. Determining the size of each group is the first choice to be made; this depends on the numb... ...h one another, and therefore developing their social skills. They are learning interpersonal and small-group skills by building trust within their groups and using conflict-resolution skills. Overall, â€Å"Cooperative learning is an effective tool for building collaboration within classrooms, a major component of learning communities† (Rubenstein, Beckmann, and Thompson 11). It is a teaching strategy that, in most cases, is beneficial to all. Bibliography Davidson, Neil. Cooperative Learning in Mathematics: A Handbook for Teachers. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Leikin, Roza and Orit Zaslavsky. â€Å"Cooperative Learning in Mathematics.† Mathematics Teacher 92 (March 1999): 240-246. Rubenstein, Rheta N., Charlene E. Beckmann, and Denisse R. Thompson. Teaching and Learning Middle Grades Mathematics. Emeryville, CA: Key College Publishing, 2004.

Arthur Schnitzler’s dream story Essay

The focal point of this paper is to discuss and evaluate Arthur Schnitzler’s ‘Dream Story’ in the light of the inevitability of the conflict between desire and social responsibility. The source text is the translation of the original German work ‘Traumnovelle’ by author Arthur Schnitzler. The translation is done by J. M. Q. Davies. Arthur Schnitzler was an Austrian doctor by profession and was a noted author of his time (1862- 1931). His noted works includes Dying, Lieutenant Gustl, Berta Garlan, Blind Geronimo and his Brother, The Prophecy, Casanova’s Homecoming, The Road into the Open, The Green Cockatoo, The Lonely Way, Countess Mizzi and Living Hours. Dream Story was written in 1926 and is regarded as a novella by the critics. It could be enumerated as a plot that ventures into the inner self of Doctor Fridolin and narrates the incidents from his psychological perspectives and the eventual transformation of his self. The entire episode is formulated over a relatively brief period of time spanning over a period of 48 hours. Within this short time span Arthur Schnitzler incorporates several characters that Doctor Fridolin meets and which the author imports to create a world of affairs that provides us a clue of the circumstances that are inevitable in the immediate future. This immediate future culminates into the development of a masquerade ball where the author culminates several events that are wondrous in nature with the presence of individuals in masks. There is a flurry of sex involved with the indication of danger where Doctor Fridolin finds himself to be placed as a total outsider. Everything in this episode is projected as a point of view that is seen from the perspective of Doctor Fridolin. This part appears to be presented predominantly as a metaphor of Doctor Fridolin’s inner self of desire and lust. This episode of masquerade ball adds to the mystery of self discovery of Doctor Fridolin. Here the self discovery of Doctor Fridolin could be enumerated as a decent into the abyss of his self image. This is also a transition of relations among people in a certain sense too where the outer world is found to be involved in the changes along with individual shift of priority of life and discovery of greater truth of nature within the parameters of social norms. This novella could also be depicted as a plethora of symbolism and imagery where a person revels himself to the audience and the inner self at the same time that is predominantly psychological in nature. Arthur Schnitzler was a friend and contemporary of the noted psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud of Vienna. However, these two men had opposite theories, if not different, on human sexuality. Arthur Schnitzler firmly believed that the course of action of human sexuality is dependent upon instinct than anything else. But despite all the differences it is evident that a heavy influence of Freud can be felt while going through the text. This is exactly what is reflected in his novella ‘Dream Story’. For an age of 1920’s it is obvious that his views along with this work was extremely shocking as a subject and its narration as the basic conceptualization of the novella is based on the sexual fantasy of a couple and the eventual defoliation of relation due to these fantasies. On the other hand this novella could also be taken up as an account of truth, permissible or not, that is juxtaposed within the system of marriage and self individuality. The storyline zooms in the intimate conversation of the primal characters Fridolin and his wife Albertine. They are basically quite affluent and respectable in Vienna. The wife is found to be an able home maker where the central position is occupied by their daughter who is six. The conversation takes off when the little girl is put to the bed. The subject of the conversation is about the masquerade ball that they attended. Initially the dialogues were kept into the parameters of the adventures of Fridolin and his wife Albertine in the mask ball. Soon, the conversation developed into the stage where they revealed to each other that if there was enough chances and coincidences along with favorable situations both of them would have been unfaithful to each other. For the man it was a fifteen year old girl and for the wife it was man with a yellow suitcase. Both of them wanted to take revenge on the other and before the dialogue was able to unfold into greater adversaries they were interrupted by an emergency call from a patient. The doctor had to leave. From this point the novella turns into an intermingled atmosphere of mystery, fantasy and fairy tale mode. Doctor Fridolin is approached by numerous women for sexual pleasure or otherwise and Doctor Fridolin passes from one woman to another and ultimately ending up into the midst of a masquerade ball where the password appeared to be â€Å"Denmark† and as his friend told him there would be lots of naked women. But there is problem with this secret society. If one is identified as an outsider there is sure to be trouble. Doctor Fridolin is soon traced out as an outsider but is saved by a mystery woman. Now the paradox of social responsibilities and desire completes a full circle as the author indicates indirectly the identity of this mystery woman. This is because there is every chance that this woman is Albertine, but with no specific proof for Doctor Fridolin. Thus the social responsibility of a wife towards her man is completed successfully by the mystery woman if the woman is indeed his wife. Now if the mystery woman is really his wife Doctor Fridolin has every reason to be cheated as she appeared in the orgy. But at the same time Doctor Fridolin himself had every intention to join the orgy. Thus the paradox continues. Either it is desire that is to be forecasted and relished by an individual or it is important to engage into the human spirit of social interest? The answer appears to be cleared by the author himself in a way, though not in a very vivid manner, as he puts the social relation between a man and a woman hanging without ramifying the norms of the society by a large extent. Doctor Fridolin is saved by Albertine and that seems to be the bottom line of the story where the man understands the value of social bondage after an outrageous adventure of inner self. Reference Schnitzler, Arthur; Dream Story; translated by J. M. Q. Davies; Penguin Books; 2005.